Fish Welfare in Aquaponic Systems : Its Relation to Water Quality with an Emphasis on Feed and Faeces : A Review
Yildiz, H. Y., Robaina, L., Pirhonen, J., Mente, E., Domínguez, D., & Parisi, G. (2017). Fish Welfare in Aquaponic Systems : Its Relation to Water Quality with an Emphasis on Feed and Faeces : A Review. Water, 9(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013
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2017Copyright
© 2017 by the authors;licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC-BY) license.
Aquaponics is the combination of aquaculture (fish) and hydroponic cultivation of plants.
This review examines fish welfare in relation to rearing water quality, fish feed and fish waste and
faeces to develop a sustainable aquaponic system where the co-cultured organisms, fish, bacteria in
biofilters and plants, should be considered holistically in all aquaponics operations. Water quality
parameters are the primary environmental consideration for optimizing aquaponic production and
for directly impacting fish welfare/health issues and plant needs. In aquaponic systems, the uptake of
nutrients should be maximised for the healthy production of the plant biomass but without neglecting
the best welfare conditions for the fish in terms of water quality. Measures to reduce the risks of
the introduction or spread of diseases or infection and to increase biosecurity in aquaponics are
also important. In addition, the possible impacts of allelochemicals, i.e., chemicals released by the
plants, should be taken into account. Moreover, the effect of diet digestibility, faeces particle size
and settling ratio on water quality should be carefully considered. As available information is very
limited, research should be undertaken to better elucidate the relationship between appropriate levels
of minerals needed by plants, and fish metabolism, health and welfare. It remains to be investigated
whether and to what extent the concentrations of suspended solids that can be found in aquaponic
systems can compromise the health of fish. Water quality, which directly affects fish health and
well-being, is the key factor to be considered in all aquaponic systems.
...
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Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)ISSN Search the Publication Forum
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2017 by the authors;licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC-BY) license.
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