Sienijuurisymbioosin vaikutus kissankäpälän (Antennaria dioica) itsensätunnistamiseen
Abstract
Viimeaikaisissa tutkimuksissa on osoitettu, että kasveilla voi olla kyky tunnistaa itsensä ja
sukulaisensa vieraista kasviyksilöistä ja kohdentaa sen perusteella resursseja eri osiin.
Luonnonvalinta on voinut suosia itsensätunnistamismekanismien kehittymistä erityisesti
klonaalisilla kasveilla, koska se voi mahdollistaa kilpailun välttämisen omien osien kanssa
ja säästää resursseja lisääntymiseen. Sienijuurisymbioosia esiintyy suurimmalla osalla
kasveista, ja sillä voi olla vaikutus kasvien kilpailuvuorovaikutukseen. Sienijuuriverkosto
yhdistää kasveja juurten kautta toisiinsa ja voi auttaa kasveja esimerkiksi siirtämään
ravinteita ja signaaleja keskenään. Sienijuurisymbioosin osuutta kasvien itsensä-
tunnistamisessa ei ole vielä kunnolla tutkittu. Itsensätunnistamiskokeissa versojen välillä
on yleensä vaadittu fyysinen yhteys, esimerkiksi maavarsi, jotta kasvit ovat reagoineet
toiseen yksilöön eri tavalla kuin vieraaseen yksilöön. Sienijuurisymbioosi voisi
mahdollisesti toimia tällaisen fyysisen yhteyden korvaajana signaalinvälitys-
ominaisuuksiensa takia. Itsensätunnistamisen mekanismeja ei vielä tunneta. Tässä pro
gradu -tutkielmassa tutkin sienijuurisymbioosin osuutta kissankäpälän (Antennaria dioica)
kasvuun ja itsensätunnistamiseen. Tutkimusta varten kerättiin 13 eri genotyyppejä
edustavaa kissankäpäläyksilöä, joista kustakin otettiin vähintään 8 tytärversoa
kasvatukseen. Tytärversot kasvoivat joko samasta yksilöstä otetun tai eri yksilöstä otetun
tytärverson kanssa samassa ruukussa. Koeasetelma toteutettiin sekä sienijuurellisina että
sienijuurettomina. Kontrolliryhmänä kasvatettiin kustakin genotyypistä myös yksin
kasvava kasvi sienijuurellisena ja sienijuurettomana. Eri identiteetti- ja sienijuurikäsittely-
ryhmien maanalaisen ja maanpäällisen biomassan kasvua ja kasvunopeutta verrattiin
toisiinsa. Sienijuurisymbioosin havaittiin lisäävän suuntaa antavasti kasvien kasvua vain,
kun ne kasvoivat samasta kasvista otetun tytärverson kanssa. Tämä voi johtua siitä, että
samasta kasvista peräisin olevat tytärversot ovat sienen läsnä ollessa tunnistaneet toisensa
osaksi samaa kasvia ja tukeneet toistensa kasvua sukulaisvalinnan teorian mukaisesti. Sen
voi mahdollistaa esimerkiksi sienijuuriverkoston signaalinvälitysominaisuus, jonka kautta
mahdollinen itsensätunnistamisen mekanismi on voinut toimia. Kyse voi toisaalta olla
myös sienen kyvystä tunnistaa genotyyppejä ja huijata kasvaessaan kahden erilaisen
genotyypin kanssa. Sienen peliteoreettiset valinnat eivät tosin selittäisi muiden kasvien
itsensätunnistamistutkimusten tuloksia. Tutkimukseni tulokset tukevat sukulaisvalinnan
teoriaa ja hypoteesia, että sienijuurisymbioosi voi korvata tytärversojen välistä fyysistä
yhteyttä ja auttaa siten kasveja tunnistamaan toisen kasvin osaksi samaa genotyyppiä.
According to recent studies plants may have an ability to allocate their resources differently depending on the identity (self / non-self, kin / non-kin) of the neighbouring plant. The ability of some plants to reduce competition with kin or self may have evolved especially in species with clonal growth: instead of competition, resources could be allocated to reproduction. Mycorrhizal symbioses can be found among most terrestrial plants. The symbiosis can have an effect on plants' competitive interactions. Plants can be connected through the common mycorrhizal network (CMN) and they can exchange nutrients and signals through it. The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plants' self- recognition has not been profoundly studied yet. A physical connection between plants has often been required in studies, in which plants have been able to recognize parts of the same individual. The role of CMN as a replacing element of this physical connection has been considered because of its ability to transmit signals. The mechanism of self- recognition has yet remained unknown. In this Master's Thesis the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Antennaria dioica's self-recognition was studied. Altogether 13 A. dioica genetic individuals were collected, of which at least 8 ramets were collected per individual. These ramets grew with an other plant either from the same A. dioica individual or from another A. dioica individual. The experiment setup was conducted with mycorrhizal inoculation and without mycorrhizal inoculation. As a control treatment, a ramet of every individual was also grown alone. Differences of growth and allocation of biomass were compared in self / non-self and mycorrhizal / non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhiza increased the growth of plants only when they grew with a 'self' plant. The results may indicate that individuals that grew together with a copy of itself recognized each other with the assistance of mycorrhiza and thus faciliated each others' growth, which supports the kin selection hypothesis. The recognition may have been enabled by the ability of mycorrhiza to transmit signals. On the other hand, the results may result from the ability of mycorrhiza to recognize genotypes. The game-theoretical model assumes that mycorrhiza may switch partners when growing with two different genotypes, and thus it may have higher chance to cheat. The results of my study support both the theory of kin selection and the hypothesis that mycorrhiza symbiosis can replace physical connection between ramets, and thus help plants to identify the other plant as a part of the same genotype.
According to recent studies plants may have an ability to allocate their resources differently depending on the identity (self / non-self, kin / non-kin) of the neighbouring plant. The ability of some plants to reduce competition with kin or self may have evolved especially in species with clonal growth: instead of competition, resources could be allocated to reproduction. Mycorrhizal symbioses can be found among most terrestrial plants. The symbiosis can have an effect on plants' competitive interactions. Plants can be connected through the common mycorrhizal network (CMN) and they can exchange nutrients and signals through it. The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plants' self- recognition has not been profoundly studied yet. A physical connection between plants has often been required in studies, in which plants have been able to recognize parts of the same individual. The role of CMN as a replacing element of this physical connection has been considered because of its ability to transmit signals. The mechanism of self- recognition has yet remained unknown. In this Master's Thesis the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Antennaria dioica's self-recognition was studied. Altogether 13 A. dioica genetic individuals were collected, of which at least 8 ramets were collected per individual. These ramets grew with an other plant either from the same A. dioica individual or from another A. dioica individual. The experiment setup was conducted with mycorrhizal inoculation and without mycorrhizal inoculation. As a control treatment, a ramet of every individual was also grown alone. Differences of growth and allocation of biomass were compared in self / non-self and mycorrhizal / non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhiza increased the growth of plants only when they grew with a 'self' plant. The results may indicate that individuals that grew together with a copy of itself recognized each other with the assistance of mycorrhiza and thus faciliated each others' growth, which supports the kin selection hypothesis. The recognition may have been enabled by the ability of mycorrhiza to transmit signals. On the other hand, the results may result from the ability of mycorrhiza to recognize genotypes. The game-theoretical model assumes that mycorrhiza may switch partners when growing with two different genotypes, and thus it may have higher chance to cheat. The results of my study support both the theory of kin selection and the hypothesis that mycorrhiza symbiosis can replace physical connection between ramets, and thus help plants to identify the other plant as a part of the same genotype.
Main Author
Format
Theses
Master thesis
Published
2016
Subjects
The permanent address of the publication
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201612205197Use this for linking
Language
Finnish
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The material is available for reading at the archive workstation of the University of Jyväskylä Library.