Behavioural regulation, mental toughness, and achievement goals : a cross-cultural comparison between Singaporean and Finnish youth athletes

Abstract

Multicultural issues are gaining prominence in sport psychology, and recent cross- cultural research has reported differences in multiple trait characteristics of athletes, including goal orientations, intrinsic motivation, and mental toughness (Kim, Williams, & Gill, 2003; Zheng et al., 2004; Sheard, 2009). Evidently, cultural influences play a significant role in the attitudes and behaviour of athletes. However, more research is needed to enhance our understanding of cultural differences in sport psychology. Therefore this study examined differences in behavioural regulation, mental toughness, and achievement goals between youth athletes from two distinct cultures. Youth athletes from Singapore (N = 261) and Finland (N = 145) aged 12 – 18 years completed questionnaires assessing behaviour regulation, mental toughness, and achievement goals in sport. Overall, results revealed significant differences regarding intrinsic motivation and mental toughness, with Finnish athletes reporting higher scores for both variables. In addition, Finnish athletes reported higher mastery goals Singaporean subjects reported higher performance goals. The results and implications are discussed in relation to cultural differences. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study highlight the importance of considering cultural differences when developing and delivering programmes and interventions for youth athletes of different cultural backgrounds.